Work still works after changes are made to the system! tests must be deterministic and repeatable It costs extra work to define tests up front, but they more than pay off in debugging & maintenance! Structure of Text Editor The structure of a text editor depends largely on the types of editing features and displaying capabilities that are to be supported. To implement the diplaying capabilities, the semantics of the meta data that may be present in the document file needs to be implemented as display actions.
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Embedded systems are computing systems, but they can range from having no user interface - for example, on devices in which the system is designed to perform a single task - to complex graphical user interfaces , such as in mobile devices. User interfaces can include buttons, LEDs, touchscreen sensing and more.
Some systems use remote user interfaces as well. History of embedded systemsEmbedded systems date back to the 1960s. Charles Stark Draper developed an integrated circuit in 1961 to reduce the size and weight of the Apollo Guidance Computer, the digital system installed on the Apollo Command Module and Lunar Module. The first computer to use ICs, it helped astronauts collect real-time flight data.In 1965, Autonetics, now a part of Boeing, developed the D-17B, the computer used in the Minuteman I missile guidance system.
It is widely recognized as the first mass-produced embedded system. When the Minuteman II went into production in 1966, the D-17B was replaced with the NS-17 missile guidance system, known for its high-volume use of integrated circuits. In 1968, the first embedded system for a vehicle was released; the Volkswagen 1600 used a to control its electronic fuel injection system.
Macro photo of a little embedded system motherboard with attached cables. By the late 1960s and early 1970s, the price of integrated circuits dropped and usage surged. The first was developed by Texas Instruments in 1971. The TMS 1000 series, which became commercially available in 1974, contained a 4-bit processor, read-only memory (ROM) and random-access memory , and cost around $2 apiece in bulk orders.Also in 1971, Intel released what is widely recognized as the first commercially available processor, the 4004. The 4-bit microprocessor was designed for use in calculators and small electronics, though it required eternal memory and support chips. The 8-bit Intel 8008, released in 1972 had 16 KB of memory; the Intel 8080 followed in 1974 with 64 KB of memory.
The 8080's successor, x86 series, was released in 1978 and is still largely in use today.In 1987, the first embedded operating system, the real-time VxWorks, was released by Wind River, followed by Microsoft's Windows Embedded CE in 1996. By the late 1990s, the first embedded products began to appear. Today, Linux is used in almost all embedded devices. Embedded system hardware (microprocessor-based, microcontroller-based)Embedded system hardware can be microprocessor- or microcontroller-based.
In either case, an integrated circuit is at the heart of the product that is generally designed to carry out computation for real-time operations. Microprocessors are visually indistinguishable from microcontrollers, but while the microprocessor only implements a central processing unit (CPU) and, thus, requires the addition of other components such as memory chips, microcontrollers are designed as self-contained systems. Microcontrollers include not only a CPU, but also memory and peripherals such as, RAM or serial communication ports. Because microcontrollers tend to implement full (if relatively low computer power) systems, they are frequently put to use on more complex tasks. For example, microcontrollers are used in the operations of vehicles, robots, medical devices and home appliances, among others.
At the higher end of microcontroller capability, the term system on a chip is often used, although there's no exact delineation in terms of RAM, clock speed and so on.The embedded market was estimated to be in excess of $140 billion in 2013, with many analysts projecting a market larger than $20 billion by 2020. Manufacturers of chips for embedded systems include many mainstays of the computer world, such as Apple, IBM, Intel and Texas Instruments, as well as numerous other companies less familiar to those outside the field. Arm has been a highly influential vendor in this space.
The company began as an outgrowth of Acorn, a U.K. Maker of early PCs. Arm chips, produced under license by other companies, are based on the reduced instruction set computer architecture and are often used in mobile phones; they remain the most widely deployed SoC in the embedded world, with billions of units fielded. Embedded system softwareA typical industrial microcontroller is unsophisticated compared to the typical enterprise desktop computer and generally depends on a simpler, less-memory-intensive program environment. The simplest devices run on and are programmed directly using the chip CPU's machine code language.Often, embedded systems use operating systems or language platforms tailored to embedded use, particularly where real-time operating environments must be served. At higher levels of chip capability, such as those found in SoCs, designers have increasingly decided the systems are generally fast enough and the tasks tolerant of slight variations in reaction time that near-real-time approaches are suitable.
In these instances, stripped-down versions of the Linux operating system are commonly deployed, although other operating systems have been pared down to run on embedded systems, including and Windows IoT (formerly ).Generally, storage of programs and operating systems on embedded devices make use of either flash or rewritable flash memory. Embedded firmwareThe firmware on embedded systems, referred to as, is specific software written into the memory of a device that serves the purpose of ROM, but can be updated more easily. Firmware can be stored in non-volatile memory devices including ROM, or flash memory. Embedded firmware is used to control various device and system functions, for example, telling the device how to communicate with other devices, perform specific functions and provide input and output functionality.The delineation between the terms embedded firmware and embedded software are blurring, but embedded software often refers to the only code running on a piece of hardware, while firmware can also refer to the chip that houses a device's basic input/output system or Unified Extensible Firmware Interface , which connect software and a system's operating system. Embedded systems vs. VLSIVery-large-scale integration, or, is a term that describes the complexity of an integrated circuit. VLSI is the process of embedding hundreds of thousands of transistors into a chip, whereas LSI (large-scale integration) microchips contain thousands of transistors, MSI (medium-scale integration) contain hundreds of transistors, and SSI (small-scale integration) contain tens of transistors.
ULSI, or ultra-large-scale integration, refers to placing millions of transistors on a chip.VLSI circuits are common features of embedded systems. Many ICs in embedded systems are VLSI, and the use of the VLSI acronym has largely fallen out of favor. Debugging embedded systemsOne area where embedded systems part ways with the operating systems and development environments of other, larger-scale computers is in the area of. While programmers working with desktop computer environments have systems that can run both the code being developed and separate debugger applications that monitor the actions of the development code as it is executed, embedded system programmers generally cannot.
Macro photo of a little embedded system motherboard with attached cables. Some programming languages run on microcontrollers with enough efficiency that rudimentary interactive debugging is available directly on the chip. Additionally, processors often have CPU debuggers that can be controlled - and, thus, control program execution - via a JTAG or similar debugging port.In many instances, however, programmers of embedded systems need tools that attach a separate debugging system to the target system via a serial or other port.
In this scenario, the programmer can see the source code on the screen of a conventional personal computer just as would be the case in the debugging of software on a desktop computer. A separate, frequently used approach is to run software on a PC that emulates the physical chip in software, thus making it possible to debug the performance of the software as if it were running on an actual, physical chip.Broadly speaking, embedded systems have received more attention to testing and debugging because a great number of devices using embedded controls are designed for use in situations where safety and reliability are top priorities. The internet of things builds on an embedded systems baseWhile some embedded systems can be relatively simple, a growing number either supplant human decision-making or offer capabilities beyond what a human could provide. For instance, some aviation systems, including those used in, are able to integrate and act upon that information faster than a human could, permitting new kinds of operating features.
Supply Chain Management (SCM) is an integral process in a variety of industrial sectors. The growth of Information technology (IT) has led to the development of various software programs that can support the SCM process. One such product is.Supply Chain Management Software or SCMS refers to an assortment of software tools that are used to complete different types of business processes and supply chain operations. These include electronic trading between supply chain partners, and balancing the inconsistency between supply and demand.Key Features of Supply Chain ManagementSupply chain management software is designed to perform the following functions:. Processing Customer Requirements: SCMS can help enhance the speed of customer requirement processing. This includes checking for raw material availability, product manufacturing, and passing the product to the logistics team.
The software can track the entire process, and ensure that the product is delivered on time. Inventory Management: In warehouses, managers can use SCMS to effectively manage the quantity of stocked goods. The software can also help support inventory concerns such as asset management, replenishment lead time, and future inventory and price forecasting. Purchase Order Processing: With SCMS, the purchase order processes are usually automated. It reduces time and effort needed to generate and manage purchase orders.
Pre-defined parameters can be set up to replenish inventories, generate serial numbers for product shipments, and track inventory costs. Supplier Relationship Management: The strategic planning and managing of all supplier interactions can be accomplished with SCMS. The software can be used to assess the supplier’s assets and capabilities and compare them with the organization’s business strategy. Warehouse Management: SCMS can effectively support a warehouse management system in the movement and storage of products.
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SCMS can quickly process transactions such a picking, placing, receiving, and shipping.As one can see, the SCM software can be an immensely supportive tool in supply chain management processes.
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